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Led by the Department of Energy鈥檚 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, a new study clears up a discrepancy regarding the biggest contributor of unwanted background signals in specialized detectors of neutrinos. Better characterization of background could improve current and future experiments to detect real signals from these weakly interacting, electrically neutral subatomic particles and understand their role in the universe.

鈥淲e鈥檝e identified a reaction with significant discrepancies between our new measurement and the historical data,鈥� said ORNL鈥檚 Michael Febbraro, lead author of published in Physical Review Letters that presents an improved measurement of the reaction. 鈥淚t鈥檚 one of the oldest reactions ever studied, and we鈥檙e still discovering new things about it.鈥�

One older measurement from 2005, which had been used as a reference standard, had been analyzed incorrectly. It considered only the ground state of particles rather than a spectrum of ground and excited states. The new measurement, taken using a detector array based on neutron spectroscopy and secondary gamma rays, considered the entire spectrum of particle energies.

Febbraro, who conceived the experiment and built the detectors, performed the measurement with Richard deBoer of the University of Notre Dame and Steven Pain of ORNL. Other co-authors represent the University of Surrey; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; University of Tennessee, Knoxville; and Rutgers University.

These nuclear physicists did not set out to study properties; they are usually concerned with atomic nuclei and their interactions. But in science, discoveries in one area often have profound impacts on other areas.

A well-known nuclear reaction turns carbon-13 into oxygen-16 and a neutron. That same reaction is a major contributor to background in experiments that measure neutrinos, whether they are emitted from the sun, atmosphere, accelerators, nuclear reactors or the Earth鈥檚 core.

The rate of that reaction needs to be well known to accurately calculate background in detectors like Japan鈥檚 Kamioka liquid scintillator antineutrino detector, or KamLAND. Using a University of Notre Dame accelerator, the researchers shot an alpha particle (i.e., helium-4 nucleus) at a target of carbon-13, briefly forming oxygen-17, which decayed into oxygen-16 and a neutron. The researchers measured the 鈥渃ross section,鈥� or probability of a reaction taking place, which is proportional to the rate of neutron production.

鈥淲e found that the current world data set is incorrect by quite a bit, because they didn鈥檛 account for other reaction channels that turn on,鈥� Febbraro said. 鈥淲e have a special type of detector which can tell what the neutron energy is, and that was the main enabling technology which made this measurement possible.鈥�

Neutrino detectors need to be big to boost weak signals. KamLAND is filled with a hydrocarbon-based scintillator, an oil that interacts with neutrinos and emits light. Those sparkles make it easier to spot and count the elusive neutrinos. However, the decay products of radon, a naturally occurring radioactive gas, combine with carbon-13, a rare isotope of carbon present in the scintillator, creating the oxygen-16 and neutrons that mimic signals from neutrinos.

KamLAND weighs approximately a thousand tons. So, while carbon-13 accounts for only 1.1% of all carbon, KamLAND contains 10 tons of it. Radon entering the detector decays into daughter elements having different energies. The alpha particles produced by those decays interact with carbon-13, creating a background that overwhelms the neutrino signal. 鈥淚t is the major source of background in these experiments,鈥� Febbraro said.

The prior reference measurement of the reaction had measured nuclei only at the lowest energy level, or ground state. But nuclei live at higher energy levels too, called excited states. Different energy levels affect the likelihood that a reaction will take a specific path.

鈥淲e greatly improved the precision and accuracy of measurements by utilizing a setup that is sensitive to a spectrum of neutron energies,鈥� Febbraro said.

The global scientific community makes use of evaluated nuclear databases containing expert-generated, peer-reviewed reference measurements. To estimate KamLAND鈥檚 background, KamLAND physicists pulled the 2005 reference measurement generated by nuclear physicists from one of these databases, the Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library. They assumed the measurement was correct and plugged it into their calculations.

鈥淭he assumption that the excited states don鈥檛 matter is not true,鈥� Febbraro said. 鈥淚ncluding the excited states changes not just the size of the background it causes in KamLAND, but also impacts multiple aspects of the neutrino signal.鈥�

ORNL physicist Kelly Chipps, who helped to analyze the data and interpret the results with her ORNL colleague Michael Smith, agreed.

鈥淏ackground is something that you have to precisely understand,鈥� she said. 鈥淥therwise, the number of real events that you saw might be completely wrong.鈥�

Asking a large, scintillator-filled neutrino detector to distinguish background from signal is like being blindfolded, fed chocolates with either a red or green candy coating, and asked to tell how many red chocolates you ate.

鈥淭rouble is, all the candies taste the same,鈥� said Chipps. 鈥淭o figure out how many red candies you ate, you鈥檇 count the total number of candies and call the chocolate manufacturer to ask how many red candies are generally in a bag.鈥�

Just as knowing this ratio would let you make an estimation about candy quantities, the reference information in evaluated nuclear databases lets scientists estimate neutrino numbers.

鈥淚t turns out that our experiment got a different answer than what the 鈥榗andy manufacturer鈥� said the ratio should be,鈥� Chipps continued. 鈥淭his isn鈥檛 because the manufacturer meant to give a wrong answer; it鈥檚 because their sorting machine was programmed with the wrong value.鈥�

The new neutron-production rate found by Febbraro and his nuclear physics colleagues can now be used by the physicists working on KamLAND and other liquid-scintillator-based neutrino experiments to subtract background with better accuracy and precision.

Since this new measurement, Febbraro鈥檚 team has employed the special detector to measure similar reactions. They have found discrepancies in neutron-production rates for half a dozen isotopes. 鈥淐alculations in this mass region are not very reliable,鈥� he said.

The title of the Physical Review Letters paper is 鈥淣ew ¹³C(伪, n)¹⁶O Cross Section with Implications for Neutrino Mixing and Geoneutrino Measurements.鈥�

Detector development was supported by the DOE Office of Science. The measurement was made at the University of Notre Dame Nuclear Science Laboratory, which is supported by the National Science Foundation.

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